الجزء الأول: ما هي الأفعال الناقصة (Modal Verbs)؟
(1) الأفعال الناقصة هي:
must / can / could / may / might / will / would / shall / should / ought to(2) لا يمكننا إضافة -s، أو -ing،
أو -ed لها مثل الأفعال العادية.
- شرح مبسط: الأفعال الناقصة لا تتغير حسب
الفاعل
(لا
نضيف لها
s مع he/she/it)، ولا نضيف لها ing أو
ed.
- مثال جديد: She must study hard. (وليس: She musts study hard)
- مثال جديد: She had to study hard. (في الماضي
نستخدم
had to بدلاً
من must)
(3) الأفعال الناقصة يتبعها الفعل في
صيغة المصدر بدون
"to" (infinitve without to).
- شرح مبسط: الفعل الذي يأتي بعد الفعل
الناقص يكون دائماً في صورته الأساسية بدون "to".
- مثال جديد: Tom may be late to the lecture
today.
- مثال جديد: You have to see a doctor. You look
terribly ill. (لاحظ
أن have to يتبعها
الفعل بدون
to)
(4) نستخدم المصدر التام (Have + P.P.) بعد الأفعال الناقصة للتعبير عن
الماضي.
- شرح مبسط: للتحدث عن شيء كان يجب فعله في
الماضي أو تخمين حدث في الماضي، نستخدم have + التصريف الثالث.
- مثال جديد: You shouldn't have left the door
unlocked. That was your mistake.
- مثال جديد: Tom must have been very angry
yesterday.
- مثال جديد: They can't have left. Their car is
still in the garage.
(5) يمكن استخدام الأفعال الناقصة كأفعال
مساعدة لتكوين الأسئلة والنفي.
- شرح مبسط: لا نحتاج إلى do/does/did لتكوين السؤال أو النفي مع
الأفعال الناقصة.
- مثال جديد: Can I talk to Mr. Hamdy?
- مثال جديد: Sorry, he can't take phone calls
now.
- مثال جديد: Should we come every day at 7 in
the morning?
- مثال جديد: He might not come today.
(6) يمكن أن تشير الأفعال الناقصة إلى
الحاضر أو المستقبل أو الماضي وفقاً للمعنى وبنية الجملة، وليس وفقاً لشكل الفعل
الناقص نفسه.
- شرح مبسط: الفعل الناقص نفسه لا يتغير،
لكن المعنى والسياق يحددان الزمن.
- مثال جديد
(حاضر): This is his car. He must be at
home now.
- مثال جديد
(ماضي): His car isn't here. He must have left.
- مثال جديد
(مستقبل): They may come back tomorrow.
- مثال جديد
(ماضي): She may have come if you had
invited her.
- مثال جديد
(ماضي): That's a terrible accident; the driver could
have died.
- مثال جديد
(حاضر): The roads could get busy today
because of the match.
(7) تُستخدم الأفعال الناقصة للتعبير عن
معانٍ مثل:
الالتزام (obligation)، الاقتراحات (suggestions)،
الضرورة (necessity)، عدم الضرورة (lack of necessity)، التأكيد (certainty)،
الإمكانية
(possibility)،
الإذن (permission)، القدرة (ability)، التوقع (prediction)،
تقديم عرض
(offers)،
الطلبات (requests)، التخمين (speculation)، المنع (prohibition)،
النصيحة (advice).
(8) يمكن للفعل الناقص الواحد أن يُستخدم
للتعبير عن أكثر من معنى:
- مثال جديد: You must have been tired at the
end of the race. (تخمين - speculation)
- مثال جديد: You must study harder for the
exam. (التزام - obligation)
- مثال جديد: You mustn't exceed the speed
limit. (منع - prohibition)
الجزء
الثاني: وظائف الأفعال الناقصة
(Functions of Modal Verbs)
(1) القدرة (Ability) [can – could]
- أمثلة:
- مثال
جديد: Tom can play the guitar
perfectly.
- مثال
جديد: I could run fast when I was
young.
- مثال
جديد: Unfortunately, she can't drive.
- مثال
جديد: I couldn't answer all the
questions.
- ملاحظات:
- I wasn't able to know his home
address. (استخدام: could)
- I couldn't know his home address.
- She can paint the house on her
own. (استخدام: able)
- She is able to paint the house on
her own.
(2) الالتزام والضرورة (Obligation & Necessity) [must – have
to]
- أمثلة:
- مثال
جديد: You must listen carefully to your
teacher.
- مثال
جديد: You have to be at the airport at
9 o'clock.
- مثال
جديد: We had to cancel the meeting.
- ملاحظات:
- You are obliged to respect your
teachers. (استخدام: must)
- You must respect your teachers.
- It's important for me to get up at six
o'clock daily. (استخدام: have to)
- I have to get up at six o'clock
every day.
- It was necessary for my father to travel
yesterday. (استخدام: had to)
- My father had to travel yesterday.
(3) عدم الضرورة (Lack of necessity) [needn't – (not) have
to]
- أمثلة:
- مثال
جديد: You don't have to answer all the
questions.
- مثال
جديد: You needn't answer all the
questions.
- مثال
جديد: The store is locked today. You needn't
have come.
- مثال
جديد: They didn't have to go. They knew that
the meeting was cancelled.
- مثال
جديد: We didn't have to buy any bread. There
was enough bread in the fridge.
- ملاحظات:
- It is not necessary for us to wear school
uniform. (استخدام: have to)
- We don't have to wear school
uniform.
- It isn't necessary for Sam to do the exam
again. (استخدام: needn't)
- Sam needn't do the exam again.
- It wasn't necessary for you to bring all
the books. (استخدام: needn't)
- You needn't have brought all the
books.
- You needn't come if you don't feel
well. (استخدام: have to)
- You don't have to come if you
don't feel well.
(4) المنع (Prohibition) [mustn't – can't]
- أمثلة:
- مثال
جديد: You mustn't drive over 100 km/h.
- مثال
جديد: You can't use the front door.
It's for the staff members only.
- ملاحظات:
- You aren't allowed to go in because you
are under 18. (استخدام: can't)
- You can't go in because you are
under 18.
- Using the front door is forbidden for
pupils. (استخدام: can't)
- Pupils can't use the front door.
- We aren't allowed to use the phone for
private calls. (استخدام: can't)
- We can't use the phone for private
calls.
- It is very important not to forget your
medicine. (استخدام: mustn't)
- You mustn't forget your medicine.
- It's wrong to talk to your teacher like
that. (استخدام: can't)
- You can't talk to your teacher
like that.
- It's against the law to exceed the speed
limit. (استخدام: mustn't)
- You mustn't exceed the speed
limit.
(5) التخمين (Speculation) [must – can't]
- أمثلة:
- مثال
جديد: It is Sunday. He must be at home.
(أنا
متأكد تقريباً أنه في المنزل)
- مثال
جديد: His car isn't in the garage. He can't
be at home. (أنا
متأكد تقريباً أنه ليس في المنزل)
- مثال
جديد: Tom didn't come to school. He must
have been ill. (أنا متأكد تقريباً أنه كان مريضاً)
- مثال
جديد: I didn't see you there. You can't
have come. (أنا
متأكد تقريباً أنك لم تأتِ)
- ملاحظات:
- I'm sure your daughter is very nice to
you. (استخدام: must)
- Your daughter must be very nice to
you.
- I didn't have your letter. You surely
made a mistake. (استخدام: must)
- I didn't have your letter. You must
have made a mistake.
- I am sure you didn't paint the house
yourself. (استخدام: can't)
- You can't have painted the house
yourself.
(6) التوقع (Future Prediction) [will – might – may]
- أمثلة:
- مثال
جديد: I think I will go to the party
tomorrow. (مؤكد - certain)
- مثال
جديد: I am not sure yet. I may go to
Ireland in the summer. (ربما سأذهب
- perhaps I will go)
- مثال
جديد: Take an umbrella with you. It might
rain later. (ربما
ستمطر
- perhaps it will rain)
- ملاحظات:
- "will" = I'm sure, it's certain
that, it's definite that
- "may" & "might" =
I'm not sure, it's possible that – it is likely to
- It's likely to rain this afternoon. (استخدام: might)
- It might rain this afternoon.
- I am not sure yet if I can come to the
party. (استخدام: may)
- I may come to the party.
- It's possible that we win the match. (استخدام: might)
- We might win the match.
(7) الاحتمالية (Possibility) [can – could – may – might]
- أمثلة:
- مثال
جديد: Bob may be in his office.
- مثال
جديد: Bob might be having lunch.
- مثال
جديد: The roads could get very busy
tomorrow because of the match.
- ملاحظات:
- Perhaps Tom is in his office. (استخدام: may)
- Tom may be in his office.
- Bob might be having lunch with Jane. (استخدام: Perhaps)
- Perhaps Bob is having lunch with Jane.
- Ask Ann about it. She might know
something. (استخدام: Perhaps)
- Ask Ann about it. Perhaps she
knows something.
- She didn't answer the phone. Perhaps she
was asleep. (استخدام: might)
- She didn't answer the phone. She might
have been asleep.
- The roads could get very busy because of
the match. (استخدام: possible)
- It is possible that the roads get
very busy because of the match.
- She may come late. (استخدام: likely)
- She is likely to come late.
(8) الإذن (Permission) [can – could – may – might I ...?]
- أمثلة:
- مثال
جديد: Can I use your pen for a
minute?
- مثال
جديد: Could I use your pen for a
minute?
- مثال
جديد: May I come in?
- مثال
جديد: Mum says I can't go out with
friends.
- ملاحظات:
- Mum doesn't allow me to go out with my
friends. (استخدام: can't)
- Mum says I can't go out with my
friends.
- Mum says I can't go out with my friends.
(استخدام: let)
- Mum doesn't let me go out
with my friends.
- Do you mind if I use your pen for a
minute? (استخدام: Could)
- Could I use your pen for a minute?
(9) تقديم الاقتراحات (Making suggestions) [Shall – can – could]
- How about? – What about? – Let's – Why
don't we?
- ملاحظات:
- Shall we go to the theatre tomorrow? (How
about ...?)
- How about going to the theatre tomorrow?
- We could go to the cinema this weekend.
(Why don't we ...?)
- Why don't we go to the cinema this weekend?
(10) تقديم النصيحة (Giving advice) [should – ought to]
- أمثلة:
- مثال
جديد: You should/ought to go to school
early. (نصيحة
عامة
- GENERAL ADVICE)
- مثال
جديد: You'd better go early or you'll
miss the train. (موقف
محدد
- SPECIFIC SITUATION)
- ملاحظات:
- If I were you, I'd find another job. (استخدام: should)
- You should find another job.
- You should see a doctor for that
headache. (استخدام: had better)
- You'd better see a doctor for that
headache.
(11) تقديم الطلبات (Making requests)
- [Can – Could – Will – Would you ...?]
- أمثلة:
- مثال
جديد: Will you get me some water
please?
- مثال
جديد: Would you type these
letters for me, please?
- مثال
جديد: Can you give me a hand
with these boxes, please?
(12) تقديم المساعدة (Making offers)
- [Would you like – shall I ....?]
- ملاحظات:
- You look tired. I will do the washing up
for you. (استخدام: Shall ...)
- You look tired. Shall I do the
washing up for you?
- Shall I do the washing up for you? (استخدام: Would you ...)
- Would you like me to do the washing up for you?
- Shall I do the washing up for you? (استخدام: Do you ...)
- Do you want me to do the washing up for you?